Bioenergetics is the study of energy in living systems (environments) and the organisms (plants and animals) that utilize them. (See the picture) The main source of our energy is the sun. Sun ray is needed by plants to make food. These plants will become food for consumers.

BIOTECHNOLOGY Biotechnology is the use of biological agents for technological advancement. It is used for breeding livestock, sand crops, even long before people understood what biotechnology is about. Other applications of biotechnology would be for creating curds yogurt, bread, wine and other alcoholic beverages.

CELL BIOLOGY PART 1 Cell biology is the study that deals with the smallest unit of living organisms, the cell. Cells are mostly small and not visible to our naked eye. A microscope is used to study cell. There was a man known as a Robert Hooke in which he coined the term cell after observing a plant cork using a lens.

CELL BIOLOGY PART 2 All cells are derived from pre-existing cells. New cells are produced for growth and to replace damaged or old cells. This process differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, and animals). Remember that DNA is the genetic material of the cell. It is stored inside the nucleus.

CELL TRANSPORT The cell membrane is one of the major components of a cell because it basically covers protects or makes a barrier, so that the cell can be separated from its internal environment and its external environment. Cell membrane functions for: Compartmentalization It provides the cell with extensive framework or scaffold within which components can be ordered for an effective interaction.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Have you ever wondered what happens to the air that you breathe in when it goes in the body? It basically goes first in your lungs, especially when the lungs are inflated. The lung is filled with capillaries which contains blood.

Carbon is the sixth element in your periodic table. It forms covalent bonds. Carbon is very flexible; it can bind to different atoms to form various molecules. Carbon is the backbone of macromolecules. Carbon atoms has 2 electrons in the first shell and four others in the second shell.

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (See the diagram) DNA is a crucial part of the cell that is involved in the cell replication, either in meiosis, mitosis, or binary fission. DNA can undergo mutation to produce genetic variations that will be inherited to the following generations. DNA can be used in DNA technology for various purposes.

Viruses are the smallest infectious agent (20 to 300 nm in diameter). They contain only one kind of nucleic acid (DNA or DNA) as their genome. They are either double stranded or single stranded. The entire infectious unit is called as virion.

RIBONUCLEIC ACID RNA is composed of ribonucleotides joined by 3'-5' phosphodiester linkages. RNA is single-stranded, unlike DNA that is double-stranded. RNA is mainly cytoplasmic. It goes into the nucleus when it needs to be transcripted. After that, it goes back out from the nucleus. RNA is synthesized from DNA.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION How do cells communicate to each other? Even the cells have some mechanisms to communicate to one another. We call this the cell signaling. The processes of cell signaling are as follows: Detection of stimulus Transfer of the signal to the other side Transmission of signal to effector molecules Trigger cell response there are different types of cell signaling.

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIFE Everything that has a mass or occupies a space is a matter. The sky, people, air, earth, are all matter (see the picture). The organization of matters, in order from small to big are: (See the percentage of some elements in living vs nonliving world in the following slide) An atom is the smallest unit of matter.