GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES Biotechnology encompasses a wide range of applications that involve the use of a component of an organism to make a product or process. Many of the procedures used rely on the molecular technologies, especially PCR used to amplify fragments of DNA.

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION OF GENETIC MATERIAL Chromosomes can be loosely defined as hereditary units. They are the complex structure that the DNA is folded into in order for genetic information to be passed onto the daughter cells.

PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE Mitosis represents an important part of the cell cycle, which is the series of events that occur when a cell grows and divides. The interphase stages which are basically all the stages that are not mitosis are represented by G1, S and G2.

GENETIC TRAITS COMPLEX TRAITS Complex traits are traits that are caused by interactions between multiple genes and the environment. Quantitative traits are a subset of these traits where the trait can be assigned a value, for example height, for the purpose of genetics and the inheritance of these traits and these are very similar.

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUALS AND POPULATIONS DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS Developmental genetics is the study of genetic processes that control the development of an organism. In many multi cellular eukaryotes, it is the process of embryogenesis. It's how a zygote becomes an embryo and a newborn, and how that newborn develops into an adult.

MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF GENES when we've talked previously about traits, Mendel's pea plants, humans, mice, and other organisms, you may wonder how these different alleles arise. What actually happens to the DNA to create this variation? Well, this is actually related to the chromosomal aberrations and some of the diseases that we've skimmed over in previous lectures.

MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF GENES Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are very different from one another. This is especially true for the control of gene expression. The lac membrane-bound organelles including a nucleus means that the processes of gene expression are much simpler than those of eukaryotes.

MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF GENES Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells possess multiple membrane-bound compartments with specialized functions called organelles. These include mitochondria, where chemical energy is produced, chloroplasts in plants that capture light energy and hosts the reactions of photosynthesis. the ribosomes where protein synthesis takes place, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus which are involved in the transport of vesicles.

MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF GENES Let's begin by reminding ourselves of the central dogma. The central dogma states that DNA will make RNA through the process of transcription and RNA will be translated into a polypeptide sequence that become a mature protein. In this lecture, we're going to talk about the first half of this process.

PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE REMINDER OF MENDELIAN INHERITANCE In our last lecture on Mendellian and non-Mendelian inheritance, we covered a couple of principles including the laws that Mendel proposed. The first of these law states that one version of a trait or allele of a gene can be dominant to another and that this will be expressed over the recessive allele pair has lower dominance.

MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF GENES WHAT IS VIRUS? Viruses are distinct biological entities. They're not included in the Tree of Life because they're not cellular. They also require a host to survive and reproduce, and can inhabit all life forms. They're clinically important because they cause a variety of diseases.

PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE When we're studying the inheritance of traits in eukaryotic species, such as plants and animals, we can look at obvious physical characteristics that can be traced through sexual reproduction. We can study lots of simple traits about pea plants, that make it easy to follow the inheritance of those genes and through different generations.

Genome is the entirety of the genes present in an organism. Genomics is a type of approach to answering biological questions associated with the whole genome. It usually involves sequencing technologies to get the sequence of a genome, which allows us to understand how genome sequences can relate to biological processes.

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUALS AND POPULATIONS We covered Down syndrome in our lectures on chromosomes, because it occurs as a result of a chromosome abnormality, specifically chromosome 21. This additional genetic material is associated with cognitive delay mild to moderate intellectual disability, characteristic facial features, and weak muscle tone.

PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE Central dogma of biology means that DNA becomes transcribed into RNA and RNA becomes translated into the protein. The sequence and any variation in the sequence of the DNA can impact the structure and functions of proteins, which has direct effects in our physical traits.

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION OF GENETIC MATERIAL The central dogma states the DNA makes RNA, which makes protein, and this series of steps is fundamental to the function of all living things. DNA and RNA are both examples of nucleic acids. These are macromolecules which are crucial for the continuation of life and the inheritance of the genetic information.

GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES We will first begin by discussing how researchers may investigate DNA. This could be for detecting the presence of specific mutations and sequences or studying some behaviors of DNA and making transgenic organisms. There are a huge number of applications There are many ways to extract nucleic acid, but the one shown here (see the images in the presentation slide) is a sort of traditional rough method.

MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF GENES Let's start by revisiting the central dogma of biology. The central dogma describes that DNA makes RNA through transcription and the RNA is translated into a protein. However, as with most things in biology, the reality is not that simple.

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUALS AND POPULATIONS POPULATION GENETIC Population refers to a large group of individuals of the same species who are capable of interbreeding. Population genetics is a useful field of study as it's important to know the frequency of particular alleles within a population and how alleles behave as a result of external and internal influences.

MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF GENES We discussed recombination in the context of homologous recombination between homologous chromosomes during the process of meiosis. This is the process where homologous chromosomes align and exchange genetic material in order to generate new combinations of alleles to increase genetic diversity in the production of gametes.

MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF GENE Let's begin by reminding ourselves of the central dogma. The central dogma states that DNA will make RNA through the process of transcription and RNA will be translated into a polypeptide sequence that become a mature protein. In this lecture, we're going to talk about the second half of this process.

PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE Cromosomes are DNA which is highly condensed. Normally, during interphase, the DNA is present in a molecule called chromatin, which is a highly hierarchically folded and organized DNA protein complex. However, just prior cell division and the transmission of the genetic material, the chromatin becomes highly condensed into these structures called chromosomes.